The basic principles of ecology are the main theoretical basis for the development of ecological agriculture. As we all know, the multi-level utilization of energy and material recycling in an ecosystem is a basic principle of ecology. The food chain is the main channel of energy flow and material circulation in the ecosystem. It is not only an energy conversion chain, but also a material transfer chain, and it is also a value-added chain from an economic point of view. Therefore, following this principle, the food chain can be rationally designed, so that the material and energy in the ecosystem can be used at different levels and at multiple levels, so that the organic waste generated in the production of one product becomes an input for the production of another product. It is to turn waste into resources in order to improve energy conversion efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. For example, the ecological farm reasonably combines the production processes of pig raising, fish raising, biogas project, duck raising, earthworm raising, mushroom raising and fruit tree planting to form a virtuous cycle system.
In this material circulation system, biogas is the hub, which organically links all parts of the system. The excrement from animal husbandry production enters the biogas tank, and the biogas is produced after fermentation, which is used for farm cooking, lighting and heating, and can be used for greenhouse heat preservation. The biogas residue at the bottom of the biogas digester is used for cultivating edible fungi or used as fertilizer for vegetables and orchards, and can even be used for feeding pigs. The biogas water in the biogas digester can be used as high-quality bait to feed fish and pigs, and it can also be used as quick-acting fertilizer to fertilize farm crops.
The above proves that an ecological farm is dependent on good natural resources and natural conditions. Therefore, a good natural environment must be a prerequisite for the establishment of an ecological farm. In the early days, all farms appeared in the family model. Take California as an example. Almost all farmers in the suburbs where they live have farms, but traditional family farms have many drawbacks. For example: 1. The family provides almost all the capital; 2. The family has a strong independence; 3. The family has a strong dependence on a particular piece of land; 4. The focus is on the dominant position of production activities within the family ; 5. The family and the enterprise are integrated, and the family’s lifestyle will affect the decision-making of the enterprise; 6. The management level of the farm is restricted by the ability of the farmer.
Due to the ability of the farmer, many family-mode farms neglect to maintain ecological balance. After several years of operation, the farm or the natural environment around the farm has been destroyed, so the profit margin of the farm is getting smaller and smaller, which can cause crisis and even death of many family-mode farms. Therefore, people must put aside these drawbacks, maintain the balance of the ecological system, and achieve a benign material recycling and reuse. In this way, the ecological environment is not destroyed, and production resources are saved. It also reaches the level of cost saving, high yield and high yield.