Initially, the excavator was manual. It has been more than 130 years since its invention to 2013. During this period, it has experienced a full range of steam-driven bucket rotary excavators to electric-driven and internal combustion engine-driven rotary excavators. Progressive development process of automatic hydraulic excavator. The first hydraulic excavator was invented at the Poclain plant in France. Due to the application of hydraulic technology, in the 1940s, there was a hydraulic backhoe mounted suspension excavator on the tractor. In 1951, the first all-hydraulic backhoe excavator was launched by the Poclain factory in France, which opened up a whole new space in the field of excavator technology development. In the early and mid 1950s, tractor-type tractors were successively developed. Full swing hydraulic excavator and crawler hydraulic excavator. The initial trial hydraulic excavator used hydraulic technology of aircraft and machine tools. It lacked hydraulic components suitable for various operating conditions of the excavator. The manufacturing quality was not stable enough and the supporting parts were not complete. Since the 1960s, hydraulic excavators have entered the stage of promotion and vigorous development. Excavator manufacturers and varieties in various countries have increased rapidly, and production has soared. From 1968 to 1970, the output of hydraulic excavators accounted for 83% of the total output of excavators, which was close to 100% [2].
The first generation of excavators: the advent of electric motors and internal combustion engines gave the excavators advanced and suitable electric devices, and various excavator products were born. In 1899, the first electric excavator appeared. After the First World War, diesel engines were also used in excavators. This diesel engine (or electric motor) driven mechanical excavator was the first generation excavator.
The second generation excavator: With the extensive use of hydraulic technology, the excavator has a more scientific and applicable transmission device. Hydraulic transmission instead of mechanical transmission is a big leap in excavator technology. In 1950 Germany's first hydraulic excavator was born. Mechanical transmission hydraulics are the second generation of excavators.
The third generation of excavators: The widespread application of electronic technology, especially computer technology, has enabled the excavator to have an automated control system, and has also enabled the excavator to develop in the direction of high performance, automation, and intelligence. The germination of mechatronics occurred around 1965, and the use of mechatronics technology on hydraulic excavators in mass production was around 1985, when the main purpose was to save energy. The excavator electronics is the hallmark of the third generation of excavators.
Excavator industry manufacturers can be roughly divided into four categories. More than 70% of domestic excavators are occupied by foreign brands, and domestic brands are still mainly small and medium digs, but the share of domestic excavators is gradually increasing, increasing by 3.6% year-on-year in 2012.
China's excavator production started relatively late. Since the production of the first mechanical single bucket excavator with a bucket capacity of 1m³ by Fushun Excavator Factory in 1954, it has generally experienced three stages of surveying and mapping, independent research and development, and development and improvement. .
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the survey and mapping of W501.W502.W1001.W1002 and other mechanical single bucket excavators based on the former Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s began the history of excavator production in China. Due to the needs of the national economic construction at that time, more than ten excavator production plants have been established. Since 1967, China has independently developed hydraulic excavators. The products successfully developed in the early days mainly include WYl00 of Shanghai Construction Machinery Plant, W4-60 of Guiyang Mining Machinery Plant, and WY60 excavator of Hefei Mining Machinery Plant. Then came the WYl60 excavator of the Yangtze River Excavator Factory and the WY250 excavator of Hangzhou Heavy Machinery Factory. They have taken an extremely important step for the formation and development of the Chinese hydraulic excavator industry.
By the end of the 1980s, there were more than 30 Chinese excavator production plants and more than 40 types of production models. A series of medium and small hydraulic excavators have been formed, with bucket capacity of 12 grades and more than 20 models including 0.1-2.5 cubic meters, and 0.5-4. Cubic meters and large-scale mines with 10 cubic meters and 12 cubic meters of mechanical transmission units. Bucket excavator, 1 m3 tunnel excavator, 4 m3 long arm excavator, 1000 m3 / h earthmoving machine, etc. We also developed marine hydraulic excavators with bucket capacity of 0.25 m3, bucket capacity of 0.4 m3, Amphibious excavator of 0.6 cubic meters and 0.8m³. However, in general, China's excavator production is small and scattered, and the production process and product quality are far behind the international advanced level.
Since the reform and opening up, we have actively introduced, digested, and absorbed advanced foreign technologies to promote the development of the Chinese excavator industry. Among them, Guiyang Mining Machinery Factory, Shanghai Construction Machinery Factory, Hefei Mining Machinery Factory, and Yangtze River Excavator Factory introduced the A912.R912.R942.A922.R922.R962.R972.R972.R982 hydraulic excavator from Liebherr Company in Germany. Machine manufacturing technology. In later years, Hangzhou Heavy Machinery Plant introduced German Demag's H55 and H85 hydraulic excavator production technology, and Beijing Construction Machinery Factory introduced German ÖK's RH6 and MH6 hydraulic excavators. Manufacturing Technology. At the same time, there are also Shandong Bulldozer General Factory (its excavator production base was renamed to Shan Reconstruction Machinery Co., Ltd., including the two brands STRONG and JCM), Huanghe Engineering Machinery Factory, Jiangxi Changlin Machinery Factory, Shandong Linyi Engineering Machinery Factory, etc. Jointly introduced the full set of manufacturing technology of PC100, PC120.PC200, PC220.PC300, and PC400 hydraulic excavators (except the engine) from Komatsu Japan. Through the digestion, absorption, and transplantation of imported technologies for several years, these factories have improved the performance indicators of domestic hydraulic excavators to the international level of the 1980s, and their output has also increased year by year. Due to the increasing and diversified domestic demand for hydraulic excavators, the adjustment of the product structure in large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises has caused some other machinery industry manufacturers to join the hydraulic excavator industry.